Adjective Clause

Adjective clauses or adjective clause is a dependent clause that has a subject and a predicate that does not stand alone in a sentence. The adjective clauses function as well as adjectives that describe nouns (noun) or pronouns (pronoun).

Consider the following example:
- The red coat (adjective)
- The which the coat I bought yesterday (adjective clause)

Just as the word "red" in the first instance, the dependent clause "which I bought yesterday" in the second example also describes the noun "coat". Adjective clause is located after nouns or pronouns are explained, while the adjective is earlier.


There are two types of words used in adjective clauses, ie relative pronouns and subordinate conjunctions.

1. Adjective clauses with relative pronouns: who, Whom, Whose, roomates, and that.
- Krakatoa, the which is a volcano on an Indonesian island, exploded.
- People who lived 3,520 kilometers away heard the noise.
- The Thousands Whom the tidal wave killed lived on the island of Java.
- A mole is an animal that lives underground.
- You'd be surprised at the number of children in this school Whose parents are divorced.

Relative pronouns in adjective clauses functioning position or describe nouns earlier. Note the first and second sentence above, relative pronouns are used to function as a subject in adjective clauses. While in the third sentence, the relative pronoun acts as the direct object of the verb.

2. Adjective clauses with subordinate conjunctions: when, where, and why.
- People still speak of the day when the explosion Occurred.
- The ocean covered the place where the volcano had been.
- Only Scientists can explain the reason why this disaster happened.
- Often I walk past the house where I was born.
- Do you remember that time when you fell into the swimming pool?
- I do not remember the reason why I went there.


Comma (,) in Adjective Clauses
If a clause is a meaning or meanings that are important (essential) then it is not necessary in the sentence punctuation comma (,).
- The man who wrote about the explosion was an Eyewitness.
Clauses who wrote about the explosion necessary and important to explain the man who is the subject of the sentence. Therefore it is not necessary commas.

But if the clause that only adds to the information from the subject of the sentence that has been clearly stated, it would require a comma (,).
- R.D. Verbeck, who was an Eyewitness, wrote about the explosion.
Clause was an Eyewitness who simply complete the information on the subject of the sentence is already known name.


Eliminate word Liaison (subordinating Word)
Note that the conjunction is often omitted from restrictive adjective clauses.
- The blast you read about Occurred in 1883.
- This is the place we saw the accident.
Or roomates said that in the first sentence above is eliminated after the blast said. In the second sentence, where eliminated after the said place.

If the conjunctive (subordinator) is the subject of the clause (the subject of the clause), then the conjunctions should not be omitted.
- That Is The place that looks dangerous. (Subject)
- The man who wrote about it saw it. (Subject)
- The blast (that) you read about Occurred in 1883.
- The blast that Occurred in 1883 was very destructive. (Subject)
- The ocean covered the place (where) the volcano had been.
- Give us the reason (why) this disaster happened.


Note

Adjective clauses that have meaning or meanings in the text referred to as restrictive (essential) clause, whereas if the function only adds to the information called nonrestrictive (nonessential) clause.

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The Economy Of Indonesia

1.       Ir.Soekarno

Dr. (HC) Ir. Sukarno was Indonesia's first president, who served in the period 1945-1966.Ia play an important role to liberate the nation from colonial Belanda.Soekarno Indonesia is Pancasila digger because he who first proposed a concept on the basis of the Indonesian state and he himself was named Pancasila.Ia Proclaimer of Indonesian Independence (along with Mohammad Hatta) which occurred on August 17, 1945.

Soekarno signed March 11, 1966 Warrant Supersemar controversial, the content - based version released Army Headquarters - commissioned Lieutenant General Suharto to secure and maintain the security of the state and institutions kepresidenan.Supersemar the basis Lt. Gen. Suharto to dissolve the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI ) and replace the members who sit on the accountability parlemen.Setelah rejected the People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) in the fourth general assembly of 1967, President Sukarno was dismissed from his post as president of the Special Session of the Assembly in the same year and appointed Soeharto as official President of the Republic of Indonesia

2.       Soeharto

Haji Muhammad Suharto was the second President of Indonesia (1967-1998), replacing Sukarno. In the international world, especially in the Western World, Suharto often referred to as the popular "The Smiling General" ("The General is Smiling") because his face is always smiling in front of the press in any official state event. SDoeharto donobatkan as the most influential president in the history of Indonesia have led the country until nearly 35 years. Kepemimopinannya firm and hard turns, making Indonesia a nation that is safe, stable and can carry out the construction of the well.

Before becoming president, Suharto was a military leader during the Japanese occupation and the Netherlands, with the rank of Major General. After the 30 September Movement, Suharto stated that PKI is the responsible party and led the operation to put it down. The operation killed more than 500,000 people. Suharto then seized power from Sukarno, and officially became president in 1968. He was re-elected by the Assembly in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998. In 1998, his term ends after stepping down on May 21, the year, following the May 1998 riots and occupation of DPR / MPR building by thousands of students. He is the longest in the Indonesian presidency. Suharto was replaced by B.J. Habibie.

Many factors influence why Suharto was considered most of the people as the greatest president. Actually it is not easy to assess the achievements and greatness of a president who has ruled. Every president is there, age and different challenges. But in addition to a variety of achievements, Suharto became very great because then people have seared her brain with pecitraan president who does not have a disability and are always right. It happened because of the influence of mass media positioned Suharto was a god who is never wrong.

It is undeniable greatness of Suharto in leading nearly 32 years. Suharto, perform detailed construction of phase to phase. Early stages of agriculture do is build after the speaking industry, and so forth. In the field of economic development and agriculture is lower the inflation rate from 650% to 12% in the first few years of his leadership. In addition, he also had a big hand in the development of irrigation agriculture spread throughout the archipelago, which until now has not been a president who is able to build a number of agricultural irrigation

Living in an authoritarian Suharto era and an iron fist. Maybe not one of the government's pattern of his time. Since that time Indonesia was still in a state of unity, unity and security is still very bad. So is the education level of the people and the economy is still not high. With government and non-democratic authoritarian Suharto was able to build this nation faster and better.

Not only that, in the era of press freedom is still chained Suharto leadership figure who is never wrong and always right. Because, no one dared the reporter writing the Soeharto weakness. If brave directly in "Petrus" or go to jail right with subversion charges. so when it Suharto was a god without the slightest flaw.

Circumstances when it is also safe because when the media can be controlled in the news process. Every news pin drop sound that can make the nation's instability then instantly muted. So when the brain is recorded in the public atmosphere in a safe condition. Yet when it was too much unrest, corruption, rebellion, and various other crimes

3.       Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie

Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie was the third President of the Republic of Indonesia. It replaces the Suharto resigned as president on May 21, 1998. His post was replaced by Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) who was elected president on October 20, 1999 by the Assembly election results 1999. With served for 2 months and 7 days as vice president, and 1 year and 5 months as president, Habibie is also the Vice President and the President of Indonesia with the shortest tenure.

In 1955-1965 he went on to study aeronautical engineering, aircraft construction specialties, at the RWTH Aachen, West Germany, received the degree of Diplom ingineur in 1960 and a doctorate ingineur in 1965 with summa cum laude. Habibie had worked at Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm, an airline company based in Hamburg, Germany, to reach the peak of his career as a vice president of technology. In 1973, he returned to Indonesia at the request of former president Suharto.

He later served as Minister of State for Research and Technology since 1978 until March 1998. Prior to serving President (May 21, 1998-20 Oktober 1999), BJ Habibie was Vice President (March 14, 1998 - May 21 1998) in Development Cabinet under President Soeharto. He was appointed chairman of ICMI (Association of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals), in his tenure as minister.

4.       Kiai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid

Kiai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid, Gus Dur was nicknamed Indonesian Muslim leaders and political leaders who became the fourth President of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001. He replaces President BJ Habibie after being selected by the Assembly election results 1999. Implementation of government assisted by the Cabinet of National Unity. Abdurrahman Wahid's presidency began on October 20, 1999 and ending at the Special Session of the Assembly in 2001. Exactly July 23, 2001, his leadership was replaced by Megawati Sukarnoputri after its mandate revoked by the Assembly. Wahid is a former chairman of Tanfidziyah (executive body) of the Nahdlatul Ulama and the founder of the National Awakening Party (PKB).

Abdurrahman Wahid was born on the 4th and 8th month of Islamic calendar Denanyar 1940 in Jombang, East Java from the couple Wahid Hasyim and Solichah. There is a belief that he was born on August 4, however, the calendar used to mark the day of his birth is the Islamic calendar, which means he was born on the 4th of Sha'ban, equal to 7 September 1940. Was born with the name Abdurrahman Addakhil. "Addakhil" means "the Conqueror". Said "Addakhil" is not well known and replaced the name "Wahid", and later known as Gus Dur calls. "Gus" is a distinctive honor boarding call to a child kiai means "brother" or "mas". Gus Dur is the first son of six children. Wahid was born in a very respectable family in East Java Muslim community. Grandfather of his father is K.H. Asyari Hashim, the founder of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), while his maternal grandfather, KH Bisri Syansuri, was the first boarding school teacher who teaches a class on women [3]. Wahid's father, K.H. Wahid Hasyim, was involved in the Nationalist Movement and became Minister of Religious Affairs in 1949.'s Mother, Mrs.. Hj. Sholehah, is the daughter of the founder of Islamic boarding school in Jombang Denanyar. His brother was Salahuddin Wahid and Lily Wahid. He was married to Sinta Nuriyah and had four daughters: Alisa, Yenny, Anita, and Inayah.

5.       Megawati Soekarnoputri

Megawati or Mega is commonly known as the fifth President of Indonesia who served since 23 July 2001-20 October 2004. It is Indonesia's first female president and the first president of Indonesia children who follow in the footsteps of his father became president. On 20 September 2004, he was defeated by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in the second stage of the 2004 presidential election. He became president after the Assembly held a special session of the Assembly in 2001. Assembly Special Session was held in response to the step of President Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) were freeze agency MPR / Parliament and the Golkar Party. He was sworn in on July 23, 2001. Previously from 1999-2001, he was Vice President under Gus Dur. Megawati is also the chairman of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) since the split from the Indonesian Democratic Party in 1999.

Megawati is the second son of President Sukarno, who had proclaimed the independence of Indonesia on August 17, 1945. Bengkulu birth mother Fatmawati where Sukarno was exiled first in the Dutch colonial period. Megawati grew up in an atmosphere of luxury at the Presidential Palace. He's been studying at Padjadjaran University in Bandung (not to graduate) in agriculture, in addition to also studied at the Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia (but not until graduation). Mega political career full of twists that seemed consistent with the line of home life that never fail. Her first husband, an Air Force pilot, was killed in a plane crash in the sea around Biak, Irian Jaya. At that time the age of the Mega still early twenties with two young children. However, he re-establish love with a man from Egypt, but the marriage did not last long. Happiness and peace of the household life is felt after she married Moh. Taufiq Kiemas, GMNI fellow activists in the past, which also became one of the driving PDIP.

6.       Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Dr. H. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of Indonesia is the 6th who served since October 20, 2004. He, along with Vice President Muhammad Jusuf Kalla, was elected in the 2004 presidential election. Continue his reign he managed to win the second period with back 2009 Presidential election, this time with Vice President Boediono. Thus, since the reform era began, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is Indonesia's first presidency finish for 5 years and successfully re-elected for a second term.

Yudhoyono was born in Pacitan, East Java, on 9 September 1949 of child Raden couples and Siti Habibah Soekotjo. From his pedigree can be traced to Pakubuwana and have a relationship with the breed Hamengkubuwana II. Like his father, he was involved in the military world. In addition to living in the family residence in Bogor (West Java), the President also stayed at the State Palace, Jakarta. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is married to Christian Herath who was the third daughter of Gen. (ret) Sarwo Edhi Wibowo (late). Military commander Gen. Sarwo Edhi Wibowo helped crush the PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) in 1965.

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SECONDHAND SERENADE

"Stranger"

Turn Around

Turn Around and fix your eye in my direction

So there is a connection

I can't speak

I can't make a sound to somehow capture your attention

I'm staring at perfection

Take a look at me so you can see

How beautiful you are

You call me a stranger

You say I'm a danger

But all these thoughts are leaving you tonight

I'm broke and abandoned

You are an angel

Making all my dreams come true tonight

I'm confident

But I can't pretend I wasn't terrified to meet you

I knew you could see right through me

I saw my life flash right before my very eyes

And I knew just what we'd turn into

I was hoping that you could see

Take a look at me so you can see

You call me a stranger

You say I'm a danger

But all these thoughts are leaving you tonight

I'm broke and abandoned

You are an angel

Making all my dreams come true tonight

You are an angel

Making all my dreams come true tonight

Take a look at me so you can see

How beautiful you are

Your beauty seems so far away

I'd have to write a thousand songs to make you comprehend how beautiful you are

I know that I can't make you stay

But I would give my final breath to make you understand how beautiful you are

Understand how beautiful you are

You call me a stranger

You say I'm a danger

But all these thoughts are leaving you tonight

I'm broke and abandoned

You are an angel

Making all my dreams come true tonight

You call me a stranger

You say I'm a danger

You call me a stranger

Laporan Ilmiah

1.      Pengertian laporan ilmiah

Laporan ilmiah adalah suatu wahana penyampaian berita, informasi, pengetahuan atau gagasan dari seseorang kepada orang lain. Laporan ini dapat berbentuk lisan dan dapat berbentuk tulisan. Laporan yang di sampaikan secara tertulis merupakansuatu karangan. Jika laporan ini berisi serangkaian hasil pemikiran yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian, pengamatan ataupun peninjauan, makan laporan ini termasukjenis karangan ilmiah. Dengan kata lain , laporan ilmiah sejenis karangan ilmiah yang mengupas masalah ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang sengaja disusun untuk disampaikan kepada orang-orang tertentu dan dalam kesempatan tertentu.

Dasar Membuat laporan ilmiah

Ada beberapa hal yang mendasari dalam pembuatan laporan ilmiah. Diantaranya :

·         Kegiatan menulis laporan ilmiah merupakan kegiatan utama terakhir dari suatu kegiatan ilmiah.

·         Laporan ilmiah mengemukakan permasalahan yang ditulis secara benar, jelas, terperinci, dan ringkas.

·         Laporan ilmiah merupakan media yang baik untuk berkomunikasi di lingkungan akademisi atau sesame ilmuan.

·         Lsporan ilmiah merupakan suatu dokumen tentang kegiatan ilmiah dalam memecahkan masalah secara jujur, jelas, tepat prosedur, alat, hasil temuan, serta implikasinya.

·         Laporan ilmiah dapat digunakan sebagai acuan bagi ilmuan lain sehingga syarat-syarat tulisan ilmiah berlaku juga untuk laporan.

Jenis – jenis laporan ilmiah

Ada 3 jenias dalam laporan ilmiah , antara lain :

Laporan lengkap

Menjelaskan apa yang ada dalam laporan ilmiah ini secara menyeluruh , teknik dalam menyusunpun harus sesuai dengan aturan, harus sesuai dengan kenyataan yang ada, tidsk hanya menuliskan keberhasilan saja namun juga kegagalan yang pernah di alami dalam proses membuat laporan ilmiah ini.

Artikel ilmiah

Biasanya merupakan perasan dari laporan lengkap, harus di fokuskan pada masalah tunggal dan harus objektif, dan merupakan pemantapan dari laporan laporan yang sudah ada dilaporan lengkap.

Laporan ringkas

Menulis kembali laporan yang sudah ada namun ditulis dengan lebih ringkas dan dengan menggunakan Bahasa yang tidak terlalu baku agar mudah dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat.

Fungsi laporan ilmiah

·         Memberitahukan atau menjelaskan tanggung jawab tugas dan kegiatan.

·         Memberitahukan atau menjelaskan dasar penyusunan kebijaksanaan, keputusan atau pemecahan masalah.

·         Merupakan sumber informasi.

·         Merupakan bahan untuk pendokumentasian.

Tujuan laporan ilmiah

·         Mengatasi suatu masalah,

·         Mengambil suatu keputusan yang lebih efektif.

·         Mengetahui kemajuan dan perkembangan suatu masalah.

·         Mengadakan pengawasan dan perbaikan.

·         Menemukan teknik–teknik baru.

Ciri – ciri laporan ilmiah yang baik

·         Menggunakan Bahasa ilmiah.

·         Laporan disertakan oleh identifikasi masalah.

·         Data yang digunakan harus lengkap.

·         Ada kesimpulan dan saran.

·         Laporan dibuat menarik dan juga interaktif

2.      Sistematika Laporan

Ilmiah Laporan ilmiah dapat berbentuk naskah atau buku karena berisi hal-hal yang terperinci berkaitan dengan data-data yang akurat dan lengkap. Secara umum, sistematika suatu laporan yang lengkap terdiri dari 3 bagian pokok, yaitu bagian pembuka, bagian isi, dan bagian penutup.

1.      Bagian Pembuka

Bagian pembuka umumnya digunakan apabila laporan merupakan tulisan yang berdiri sendiri secara utuh. Untuk laporan penelitian dalam jurnal atau bagian dari sebuah buku, tidak seluruh unsur dalam bagian pembuka tersebut digunakan. Bagian pembuka ini terdiri atas :

a. Halaman judul: judul, maksud, tujuan penulisan, identitas penulis, instansi asal, kota penyusunan, dan tahun

b. Halaman pengesahan (jika perlu)

c. Halaman motto/semboyan (jika perlu)

d. Halaman persembahan (jika perlu)

e. Prakata;

f. Daftar isi;

g. Daftar tabel (jika ada)

h. Daftar grafik (jika ada)

i. Daftar gambar (jika ada)

j. Abstak : uraian singkat tentang isi laporan

2.      Bagian Isi

Bagian isi merupakan menyajikan atau mengomunikasikan informasi ilmiah yang ingin disampaikan. Pada bagian isi inilah seluruh komponen pendahuluan, kajian pustaka dan kerangka teori, metodologi penelitian, hasil dan pembahasan, serta simpulan dan saran disajikan secara lengkap. Bagian isi terdiri dari :

a.       Bab I Pendahuluan

Pendahuluan merupakan tulisan yang disusun untuk memberikan orientasi kepada pembaca mengenai isi laporan penelitian yang akan dipaparkan, sekaligus perspektif yang diperlukan oleh pembaca untuk dapat memahami informasi yang akan disampaikan Pendahuluan terdiri atas :

1.      Latar belakang

2.       Identitas masalah

3.      Pembatasan masalah

4.      Rumusan masalah

5.      Tujuan dan manfaat

b.      Bab II :

Kajian Pustaka

Kajian pustaka mengungkapkan teori-teori serta hasil-hasil penelitian terdahulu yang pernah dilakukan pada topik yang sama atau serupa. Berdasarkan analisis terhadap pustaka tersebut, peneliti dapat membatasi masalah dan ruang lingkup penelitian, serta menemukan variabel penelitian yang penting dan hubungan antarvariabel tersebut.

c.       Bab III

Metode

Pada bagian ini biasanya dijelaskan secara rinci mengenai desain penelitian, populasi dan sampel penelitian, metode pengumpulan dan analisis data, serta kelemahan penelitian.

d.      Bab IV :

Pembahasan

Pembahasan pada dasarnya merupakan inti dari sebuah tulisan ilmiah. Pada bagian ini penulis menyajikan secara cermat hasil analisis data serta pembahasannya berdasarkan kajian pustaka dan kerangka teori yang telah dijelaskan pada bagian sebelumnya.

e.       Bab V :

Penutup

Penutup berisi tentang kesimpulan dan saran dari laporan ilmiah tersebut. Kesimpulan adalah gambaran umum seluruh analisis dan relevansinya dengan hipotesis dari penelitian yang dilakukan. Kesimpulan diperoleh dari uraian analisis, interpretasi dan deskripsi yang telah dituliskan pada bagian analisis dan pembahasan. Untuk menulis simpulan, penulis perlu mengajukan pertanyaan pada diri sendiri tentang hasil apa yang paling penting dari penelitian yang dilakukan. Jawaban dari pertanyaan tersebutlah yang dituliskan pada bagian simpulan. Pada bagian akhir, biasanya simpulan disertai dengan saran mengenai penelitian lanjut yang dapat dilakukan

3.      Bagian Penutup

a. Daftar Pustaka

b. Daftar Lampiran

c. Indeks daftar istilah

3. Langkah-Langkah Membuat Laporan

Agar dapat menyusun laporan yang baik dan efektif, perlu dipersiapkan dengan matang. Hal-hal yang perlu dilakukan adalah seperti berikut.

1. Menetapkan tujuan laporan Pembuat laporan harus tahu, untuk apa laporan dibuat dan siapa yang akan membaca laporan tersebut.

2. Menentukan Bahan Laporan Bahan-bahan laporan yang dapat digunakan adalah:

1)      surat-surat keputusan

2)      notulen hasil rapat

3)      buku-buku pedoman

4)      hasil kegiatan

5)      hasil penelitian

6)      hasil diskusi

3. Menentukan cara penngumpulan data Cara pengumpulan data yang dapat dilakukan adalah sebagai berikut.

1.      Membuat petunjuk pelaksanaan bagi peneliti yang menjelaskan sasaran dan penyesuaian kegiatan

2.      Melakukan wawancara

3.      Mengumpulkan dokumen pelaksanaan kegiatan

4.      Penyusunan daftar pengecekkan untuk melihat data yang ada dan yang tidak ada

4. Mengevaluasi Data Data yang telah dikumpulkan dievaluasi untuk dibuat suatu simpulan.

5. Membuat Kerangka Laporan Kerangka laporan dibuat sesuai dengan sistematika laporan.

4. Teknik Penulisan Daftar Pustaka

Daftar pustaka atau bibliografi yang berisi buku, makalah, artikel, atau bahan lainnya mempunyai pertalian dengan sebuah tulisan atau sebagian dari tulisan yang sedang dibuat. Melalui daftar pustaka, pembaca dapat mengetahui keseluruhan sumber yang digunakan dalam tulisan yang dibacanya sehingga dapat merujuk pada sumber asli Unsur-unsur yang ditulis dalam daftar pustaka secara berturut-turut meliputi: nama penulis, tahun penerbitan, judul tulisan, kota tempat penerbitan, dan nama penerbit.

Penulisan daftar pustaka, secara umum adalah sebagai berikut.

1. Daftar Pustaka disusun secara alfabet (A,B,C,.....) berturut-turut dari atas ke bawah tanpa menggunakan angka arab, tanda hubung, dan semacamnya.

2. Cara penulisan sebuah sumber pustaka berturut-turut adalah sebagai berikut.

a. Penulisan nama pengarang Nama pengarang bagian belakang (nama akhir atau nama keluarga) ditulis lebih dahulu, diikuti tanda koma baru nama bagian depan kemudian diikuti titik. Jika buku disusun oleh sebuah komisi atau lembaga, dipakai menggantikan nama pengarang. Jika tidak ada nama pengarang, urutannya harus dimulai dengan judul buku.

b. Menuliskan tahun terbit buku, diikuti tanda titik

c. Menuliskan judul buku, diberi garis bawah atau ditulis dengan huruf miring, diikuti tanda titik

d. Menuliskan tempat atau kota penerbitan, diikuti tanda titik dua.

e. Menuliskan nama penerbit dan diikuti tanda titik

3. Apabila digunakan dua sumber pustaka atau lebih yang sama penulisnya, sumber ditulis dari buku yang lebih dulu terbit diikuti buku yang terbit kemudian.

4. Bila tidak ada nama penulis, judul buku atau artikel yang dimasukkan dalam urutan alfabet.

5. Jarak antara baris dan baris untuk satu referensi adalah satu spasi tetapi jarak antara pokok dengan pokok adalah dua spasi.

6. Baris pertama dimulai dari margin kiri. Baris kedua dan seterusnya dari tiap pokok harus dimasukkan ke dalam sebanyak empat ketukan mesin tik.

7. Apabila sebuah referensi ditulis oleh lebih dari dua orang penulis, hanya satu nama yang dicantumkan dalam daftar pustaka dengan susunan nama terbalik. Untuk nama penulis lainnya disingkat dkk atau dll.

E. Format Penulisan Laporan

Ukuran dan Jenis Kertas Format penulisan sesuai dengan sistematika laporan formal di atas. Format penulisannya tergambarkan dalam daftar isi dengan pengetikan atau penulisan yang teratur, terperinci, dan jelas bagian-bagiannya. Adapun teknik penulisan meliputi hal-hal sebagai berikut

1. Margin Ukuran margin terdiri atas batas kiri dan batas atas 4 cm. Serta batas kanan dan batas bawah 3 cm dari pinggir kertas. Semua tulisan termasuk tabel dan gambar berada dalam margin. Subjudul bagian bawah halaman harus diikuti dengan dua baris penuh di bawahnya, bila tidak memungkinkan subjudul ditulis pada halaman berikutnya. Begitupun kata terakhir pada suatu halaman tidak boleh dipisahkan ke halaman berikutnya tetapi seluruh kata ditulis pada halaman berikutnya.

2. Spasi Secara umum keseluruhan tulisan menggunakan spasi ganda. Kecuali untuk tabel, daftar pustaka, dan kutipan mempergunakan pula spasi tunggal (sesuai dengan aturan penulisan kutipan dan daftar pustaka). Alinea baru dapat dimulai dengan perbedaan spasi.

3. Penomoran Penomoran meliputi penomoran halaman, bab, subbab, dan rincian uraian.

a. Penomoran Halaman Halaman-halaman pendahuluan diberi nomor dengan menggunakan angka romawi kecil. Halaman-halaman isi dan penunjang menggunakan angka arab. Letak penomoran halaman ditempatkan di tengah dan dua spasi di atas margin bawah (bottom, center, headfooter 2,2 cm)

b. Penomoran Bab dan Subbab Penomoran mempergunakan penanda urutan sebagai berikut.

1.      Tingkat pertama dengan tanda: I, II, III, IV, V, dan seterusnya.

2.       Tingkat kedua dengan tanda: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, dan seterusnya.

3.      Tingkatan ketiga dengan tanda: 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.1.3, 1.1.4, 1.1.5, dan seterusnya.

4.      Tingkatan keempat dengan tanda: 1.1.1.1, 1.1.1.2, 1.1.1.3, 1.1.1.4, dan seterusnya.

5.      Tingkatan kelima dengan tanda: 1.1.1.1.1, 1.1.1.1.2, 1.1.1.1.3, 1.1.1.1.4, dan seterusnya.

4. Tabel atau Gambar

a. Tabel Sebuah tabel terdiri atas nomor dan judul tabel, stub, box head, dan body. Nomor tabel ditulis dengan angka arab. Penomoran tabel menurut bab, misalnya nomor tabel 2.1, artinya tabel tersebut tabel pertama yang ada pada bab kedua. Judul harus padat dan dapat memberikan keterangan tentang data yang tercantum dalam tabel. Judul ditulis dengan huruf kapital setiap unsur katanya kecuali kata hubung. Apabila tabel bersumber pada tulisan atau referensi lain, tuliskan sumber referensinya pada bawah tabel.

b. Gambar Istilah gambar mencakup di dalamnya diagram bundar, batang, garis, histogram, dan sebagainya. Gambar harus diberi nomor dan judul. Pemberian nomor dan judul tidak berbeda dengan pemberian nomor dan judul pada tabel. Perbedaannya terletak pada penempatan. Nomor dan judul gambar diletakkan di bawah gambar.

5. Bahasa Bahasa yang dipergunakan dalam laporan ilmiah harus mengandung kejelasan dan reproduktif. Untuk ejaan dan peristilahan berpedoman pada EYD dan Pedoman Pembentukan Istilah.

6. Jenis Kertas Jenis kertas yang dipakai adalah jenis HVS, ukuran folio, atau kuarto bergantung pada aturan yang telah ditetapkan.

sumber:
http://panduanguru.com
http://www.pengertianahli.com
http://mikhaanitaria.blogspot.com

Report text

Report is a text which present information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analyses.

Example:

• Snowy owls or nyctea scandiaca are large prey birds , they are diurnal . wich means they are active duting the daya instead of night. Snowy owls breed in remote areas or artic and sub artic regions mostly north amerika.as their name suggests snowy owls heve dark white feathers with dark brown markings. Their feathers are thick covering even its leg and feet. They weigh around 1,6 kg to 2 kg and they stand about half a meter tall with the wing span 2 meter. They have around white head a black claw.

• Do you know what that Komodo dragons are the largest lizards ? . He lives in bushes and forests of Indonesian islands some of his . Komodo dragons are the world's heaviest lizard , weighing 152 pounds or more . The largest Komodo ever measured more than 10 feet 3 meters and weighing 166 kg but the average size of komodo in the wild about 8 feet 2.5 meters long and 91 kg Komodo has gray scaly skin , a pointed snout , powerful limbs and a very strong muscular tail . They use their keen sense of smell to locate decaying animal remains from several miles away . They also hunt other lizards as well as large mammals and are sometimes cannibalistic . Dragons teeth are almost completely covered by its gums are great . When it feeds , the gums bleed , creating an ideal culture for the virulent bacteria . Bacteria that live in the Komodo dragon saliva causes septicemia , or blood poisoning to humans , the victims . A dragon will bite its prey , then follow until the animal is too weak to continue . This lizard species is threatened by hunting , loss of prey species and habitat loss . dragons are animals in Indonesia in Sumatra . one is a miracle in Indonesia . we should be proud of our country Indonesia .

holiday in Bandung

It's for the umpteenth time I vacation in Bandung , I never get bored with this city . Although I was not born in bandung but I really love this city . That time is Friday . Me and 3 of my friends, they are irgi , eko , and riri . We take a trip to Bandung . We left at 10 am . Was time to coincide with red dates . The toll road was very congested . Starting from the west expressway cibitung to karawang jammed . After passing the road west karawang start smoothly . The plan we wanted to two places , namely dusun bambu and de'ranch . After a trip for 2 hours 30 minutes ( quite longer than usual ) to the one we are in Bandung . The first place we headed dusun bambu, because the shorter distance from the Pasteur toll gate . We ber 4 no way to know the direction to get there . Finally we discuss to use GPS . It just so happens that I took the car , and the members riri directions by GPS in his hp . Had hesitated because we are a very small road heading . But we carry on because of the desire to lead dusun bambu is very passionate. Although we circled because the GPS bit error . When we got there we immediately around the location . The situation is still very green , the air is so cool that we rarely encountered in jakarta . After circling the end we chose a short break because we were getting hungry hehe . After we rested enough to take pictures there

Once we feel quite satisfied in dusunn bamboo, we proceeded to de'ranch. Quite closely that of dusunn bamboo de'ranch location. But unfortunately the weather is unfavorable. Arriving there raining really hard and we can not ride

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice (Kalimat Pasif)
Sebuah kalimat yang subjectnya dikenai suatu pekerjaan atau kalimat pada subject tersebut menjadi sasaran kegiatan yang dinyatakan oleh kata kerja. Ciri-ciri kalimat pasif adalah berawalan di- dan berawalan ter tergantung pada kalimatnya.
 
Rumus Passive Voice
•   Subject + tobe + Verb3 + by phrase

Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice:
1.The Teacher enjoyed teaching the student (active)
2.The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)
3.you regretted that principal had to resign from office (active)
4.it was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)
5.I consider her very pretty (active)
6.she is considered very pretty (passive)

•   simple present tense
active: he meets them everyday
passive: we are met by him everyday

•   simple past tense
active: she watered this plant this morning
passive: this plat was watered by her this morning

•   present perfect tense
active: he had met them before I came
passive: they had been met by him before I came

•   simple future tense
active: the famers are going to harvest the crops next week
passive: the crops are going to be harvested by the famers next week

•   future perfect tense
active: she would have met them
passive: they would have been met by him.

•   present countinous tense
active: he is meeting them now
passive: they are being met by him now

•   present countinous tense
active: Rina is watering this plat now
passive: this plat is being watered by her now

•   past continous tense
active: Nazril was meeting them
passive: they were being met by him

•   perfect continous tense
active: Bella has been watering this plat.
passive: this plat has been being watered by her

•   past perfect continous tense
active: Uki had been meeting them
passive: they had been being met by him

•   future continous tense
active: Dania will be watering this plat
passive: this plant will be being watered by her

•   past future continous tense
active: Riko would be meeting them
passive: they would be being met by him

•   future perfect continous tense
active: Uti will have been watering this plant
passive: This plat will have been being watered by her.